"No Safe Dose" is Bad Science. Updated. Guest Post by Howard Shaffer

Linear Function Graphs
from Wikipedia

Update: Robert Hargraves new Video "Radiation is Safe Within Limits" is now posted at Rod Adams blog. Adams gives a shout-out to this post, also.  These two posts make a very good pair!


 The non-existent risk of low level radiation

At his blog, Atomic Insights, Rod Adams recently posted Resolving the issue of the science of biological effects of low level radiation.  In this post, he encouraged people to sign a letter urging the American Nuclear Society (ANS) to address the issue of unreasonable fear of low levels of radiation.  There is now a great deal of evidence that, below a threshold value, increases in radiation exposure do not lead to increases in cancer.

Adams provided a link to the letter, which urges the  ANS to ask for a review of newer evidence (studies done after 1956) concerning the use of Linear Non Threshold (LNT)  to predict cancer deaths from radiation.  LNT asserts that there is no threshold for increased cancer risk.

 "Protecting" against very low levels of radiation increases the cost of nuclear plants, but the LNT model says we must protect against any level of radiation, no matter how small.  Rod and I are happy to assert that LNT increases the cost of building and operating nuclear plants, but does not lead to an increase in public health outcomes.

The crowd goes wild

Once Rod had posted, the comments came thick and fast, starting with a one-line comment that Rod was tilting at windmills.   (I encourage you to read the comments and join the conversation.)

I  was very impressed with Howard Shaffer's comment, and I obtained his permission to use it as a guest post, as below.  I did a few edits, with his permission.

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The consequences of assuming No Safe Dose: By Howard Shaffer 

Bob Hargraves, Meredith Angwin and I have all gone  head to head with the nuclear opponents and the Helen Caldicotts brought in to Vermont. We have gone through all the logical arguments on cost, alternatives etc. We needed to be face to face, up close in public meetings in order to FEEL the fear that is driving their single minded opposition. Fear that drives elderly ladies to repeatedly chain themselves to the plant gates and get arrested, and many other examples.

As for evidence, see the election results here in Vermont.

Let me repeat part of my post from ANS Nuclear Cafe, A CAN-CAN Dance around Vermont Yankee Decommissioning:

In Vermont, in the very emotional political fight over Vermont Yankee, we directly experienced the effects of the misuse of BEIR VII. Deb Katz  http://www.nukebusters.org/ and others endlessly repeat “any amount of radiation is harmful” to energize the opponents AND make EVERY event at the plant seem like the “sky is falling.”

Enough FEAR has been created to keep driving the opponents, so they always find a new issue. Now it is “all fuel in Dry Casks NOW” which is also being used in the SONGS fight.

We need to get a BEIR VIII. I believe that it will take Congress requiring it in an appropriation bill to get it done. We also need Congress to set the time limits on exposure from High Level Waste Repositories to a few hundred years, not thousands as decided by a court case. end post

Perhaps ANS can get Ann Bisconti to do a poll asking what people believe about radiation.

The Fear Campaign

The LNT issue is in the middle of the largest issues of our time, starting at the middle of the last century.

• The Environment as limited. History shows that we believed the earth to have unlimited resources and be an unlimited sewer. (At one point, the chemical industry saw chemical injection underground as a legitimate disposal method. Where were the studies on the effects done before this was started?) Fear of fouling our own nest and ruining the earth is legitimate.
•  Fear of nuclear war. Einstein was right that World War IV would be fought with sticks and stones.
• Out of these came fear of planetary pollution from atmospheric weapons testing. The BEIR committee was persuaded by powerful personalities to extend the evidence from the excess cancers in atomic bomb victims to low levels of exposure and to “zero” exposure (which does not exist). This was done to boost the fear campaign they thought was needed to get the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty. 

"Ban the Bomb" was a Fear Campaign. I agree with the goals of that particular campaign.  But  history shows that Fear Campaigns get out of hand and have a life of their own. Forgive me for using Racism, Suppression of Women, and Anti-Semitism to name a few. None of these are supported by evidence, but take a long time to erase.

Howard C Shaffer III

The irony of nuclear power is that it meets these fears by providing a bridge – a long one- to a planet of total sustainability. The opponents of nuclear power have never answered the question of HOW we get from here to there. For example,”What do we do about Coal Miners?”

We who believe in nuclear power have a lot of work to do. It’s time to face up, as Rod says, to the realization that the public needs to be told that some of them bought into a Fear Campaign that outgrew its original purpose and the facts were not true. The campaign was well motivated but the wrong approach.  It is time to get back to the facts.

No New Transmission Lines for Vermont! Vermont Government Reacts to Vermont Yankee Closing

Update: Governor Shumlin Reverses Position Again

In mid-June, Governor Shumlin spoke with utility regulators and "tapped the brakes" on the idea of a rapid build-out of gas pipelines and electric transmission lines. According to an article by John Herrick in Vermont Digger, Shumlin said this infrastructure might become obsolete, and new technologies could lessen the need to transmit large amounts of power.

However, in late June, Shumlin reversed his position. On June 20, a panel of energy experts representing the governors of all the New England states met: the meeting was reported by Deborah McDermott of Seacoast Online.  In this meeting, the panelists agreed to ask for a "tariff" (tax) on electricity. The tariff would be used to finance natural gas pipelines and electricity transmission lines.

The state-appointed panelists stepped on the gas for an infrastructure buildout.

As the energy panelists said--something has to give in New England.

It Was Winter 

Once upon a time (earlier this year, actually) a polar vortex came to call in New England.  Sub-zero temperatures  meant that great quantities of natural gas were used for heating homes. Therefore, not enough natural gas was available for gas-fired power plants.  Oil and jet fuel were called into service to provide electricity, and prices on the grid soared. As many news reports noted at the time, there are not enough natural gas pipelines into the Northeast.

Governor Shumlin in January: We need new energy projects

On January 21, all six governors of New England got together as part of the New England States Committee on Electricity to address the pipeline problem.  The governors signed an agreement requesting ISO-NE to support in the development and filing of any tariff changes [fees to users] for two purposes.

In the first purpose, these fees would enable new transmission lines to be built. The lines would bring between 1200 and 3600 MW of low carbon power into the New England electrical systems.  Translation: we will build new power lines to get electricity from Hydro Quebec.

In the second purpose, governors also requested a fee on electricity for the purpose of building new pipeline capacity  to bring natural gas to the area.  The idea is that consumers should pay more for electricity now, in order to build gas pipelines as soon as possible.

Note: Governor Shumlin signed this agreement with these requests.

And Now It's Summer

Meanwhile, the seasons have changed. Peonies bloom, fireflies blink in the twilight, and Vermonters protest energy projects. Pipeline opponents are concerned that an already-planned gas pipeline will carry fracked gas. They also worry about water contamination. They are protesting, chaining themselves to the doors of the gas company, and so forth. One protester was arrested for alleged assault.

Fireflies in Germany

People in Vermont do not like this pipeline. Their reaction doesn't look good for building even more pipelines in Vermont.

But what about transmission lines?  This situation is more confusing because several lines have been proposed. John Herrick of Vermont Digger wrote a comprehensive report in early June: Vermont Smack in the Middle of Crucial Electricity Supply and Demand. As you can see in the report, Vermont seems to be in favor of at least some of these transmission lines, as long as enough goodies are attached. A quote from the Herrick report:

[TDI] wants to bury a 150-mile transmission line under Lake Champlain. TDI, a subsidiary of Blackstone Group, a financial services firm, has lined up private capital for the estimated $1.2 billion project.....TDI says it would also donate tens of millions of dollars to the state for costly Lake Champlain cleanup – or whatever the state decides is best.

Gee, that sounds familiar. "Donate tens of millions of dollars..."

Governor Shumlin in June: Let's Slow Down the Infrastructure Build-Out

As reported by John Herrick in Vermont Digger, Governor Shumlin spoke to utility regulators in early June.  Shumlin "tapped the brakes" on the build-out.  He said that we don't know that "with the evolutions of technology and the local, distributed generation of power...(we may end up) paying for huge stranded costs if we build tons and tons of delivery." Shumlin spoke of the evolution of cell phones. In parallel with cell phones, Shumlin claimed that "new technologies could soon lessen the need to transmit large amounts of power from faraway areas."

Brayton Point

Well, not really. Let's look at the power situation in the Northeast. In Vermont, Vermont Yankee is shutting down.  In Massachusetts, three major coal plants (Salem Harbor, Brayton Point, and Mt. Tom) will close in the next few years, some in the next few months.The grid operator said that Brayton Point was a "must-run" facility. The plant owners answered: "Too bad, we are closing it anyway in 2017."

In short, without "power from faraway areas," the grid around here could get seriously unreliable. We will need transmission lines.

Dumb? Or Smart?

Some of my friends have looked at the Governor's statement and concluded that the man is simply dumb about energy.  He doesn't want power plants, and he doesn't want transmission lines. Yes, this is the man who said that Germany  got 30% of its juice from solar, and that a nuclear plant must be kept running with mostly full staff for years after shutdown.

Shumlin has proven that he is no genius on energy matters.

Governor Shumlin

However, Shumlin is very smart about politics and negotiations.  His recent statements can best be understood as part of a negotiation with anyone who would build any infrastructure in Vermont.  If you build it, you must pay us!

Shumlin has surely noticed that without Vermont Yankee, there will be no easy source for new funds in the Clean Energy Development Fund. I think he has decided to tax the new infrastructure: in other word, tax whatever replaces Vermont Yankee.

When Shumlin makes a speech against the infrastructure development, he becomes better able to get concessions (money) from the infrastructure developers. Shumlin has shown that he can be a formidable enemy to an energy project.  As one person on Facebook wrote: "He's got Vermont Yankee's head on his wall now."  If a project doesn't want him as an enemy, the project owners will probably pay what he wants them to pay.

In my opinion, Shumlin is not dumb. He's smart like a fox.

As a blogger, I plan to have the last word here:

Foxes are smart for themselves.  They are not known for their public-spirited actions.  Ultimately, the ratepayers will bear the costs of Shumlin's way of being-smart.

Opponents Make Assertions, Shaffer Tells Truth

Can-Can Dancers by Toulouse Lautrec

CAN and CAN and the Supposed Horrors of Decommissioning

Howard Shaffer went to a local Sierra Club meeting about the horrors and dangers of decommissioning Vermont Yankee.

Luckily (snark alert) two anti-nuclear groups are ready to step into the breach and make sure the decommissioning is done right!  These groups are Citizens Awareness Network (CAN) and Citizens Action Network (also known as CAN).

Leaders of the two groups did their Sierra Club presentation as a "tag team," switching back and forth, from one to the other. Therefore, this meeting could be described as a CAN-CAN show.

Howard Shaffer went to the meeting and wrote a blog post about it at ANS Nuclear Cafe blog: A CAN-CAN Dance around Vermont Yankee Decommissioning.

Howard Shaffer

Equipping Us With the Answers

Shaffer's post is better than being at the meeting.  Instead of sitting in a room full of nuclear-hostile people, while hearing a bunch of assertions and untruths, you can read Shaffer's post.  Shaffer does more than just list the things they said--he immediately answers them in his post. His post equips all of us with answers.

Shaffer deserves a hazardous-duty-for-the-blood-pressure award for attending this meeting.

Thank you, Howard Shaffer!

http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2014/06/05/a-can-can-dance-around-vermont-yankees-decommissioning/

Honoring Those Who Served in WWII

Today is the 70th anniversary of D-Day.

I want to express my gratitude for all the men and women who served on the Allied side in WWII.  Without their service, this would have been a world of misery for ourselves, our children and our grandchildren.

I want to thank men in my family who served during the war.  There are others who served, but I don't know everyone's names from back in those days.  My own father did some war work in this country, but was not in the military.

Here are the people I know about it. I thank them. 

My uncle: Phil Vision

George's father: Richard Angwin

George's cousins: Albert, Harrhy and Eugene Lewis

Also, my dear friend Laura Schneider's father Paul, who landed on Omaha Beach.

I am sharing a recent picture of Laura with her father.  As Laura wrote on Facebook: "70 years ago, 18-year-old Paul Schneider landed on Omaha Beach.  He had enlisted because he felt it was his duty as an American to serve his country."

Vermont and the EPA Carbon Abatement. Be Careful What You Ask For.

The Carbon Abatement Plan

A few days ago, the EPA issued a proposed plan for greenhouse gas mitigation.  The plan is intended to cut greenhouse gas emissions in the electricity sector by 30% by 2030.  The required mitigations are determined by state.  For example, since Vermont has no fossil fuel electricity plants, Vermont has no required mitigation.

According to USA Today, the EPA document about the plan is 645 pages long. According to many reports, President Obama was frustrated with Congress’s inability to pass greenhouse gas legislation. Therefore, he  asked the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases directly, without requiring a law passed by Congress.

State by State and Here Come the Lawsuits

In the 645 page plan, different states have different proposed carbon mitigations. As reported in the Washington Post  and also published in my local Valley News)

Kentucky and West Virginia get more than 90 percent of their power from coal. The EPA made concessions to those states in setting its climate target. Coal-heavy Indiana, for example, would need to make smaller percentage cuts than New York or Washington states.

• West Virginia is a heavily coal state, and the EPA says it must cut its carbon dioxide emissions by 19%. 
• New York State gets less than 10% of its electricity from coal, and 80% of its electricity is generated by nuclear, hydro and natural gas. The EPA says that New York State must cut its carbon emissions by 44%.

To me, these rules seem arbitrary. It is no wonder that many commentators expect a raft of lawsuits. The satirical website, The Onion,  sums up the situation beautifully: New EPA Regulations Would Force Power Plants to Find 30% More Loopholes by 2030.

What about Vermont?

In this potential mess, Vermont is doing well. As Vermont Digger wrote: Obama Points to Vermont as a Model for Carbon Reduction. As noted in that article: Vermont does not generate electricity from coal and is the only state not required to come up with a plan (the district of Columbia is also exempt.)  Indeed, Vermont does not generate much electricity from fossil fuels, though we do generate 14% of our electricity from oil (ISO-NE state profile).  We have hydro, biomass, and of course, Vermont

From ISO-NE state profile

Yankee nuclear power.

Oops.  Vermont Yankee?  Vermont Yankee will go off-line at the end of the year. What will this mean for Vermont’s carbon-reduction plan?


Well, nothing immediately.  Though the current Vermont administration encourages more natural gas pipelines and the state Comprehensive Energy Plan includes a  great deal about natural gas, we don’t have any natural gas power plants in-state at this time.

When our nuclear plant shuts down,  this will not mean that Vermont will immediately generate fossil-fuel-based electricity in-state.  Oh yes, we will be buying more fossil-fuel based electricity from the grid.  Yes, the grid will be burning more fossil fuels to make up for Vermont Yankee being off line.  Those are facts.

However, since Vermont won’t be generating fossil-fuel-based electricity in-state, we won’t have to design a fossil-fuel mitigation plan for Vermont.  To me, this is just another way that the rules are more about politics than about pollutant mitigation.

NOx and carbon and me

Back in the early days of the Clean Air Act, I worked on methods for preventing NOx pollution. At the time, our work was funded by the EPA and the California Air Resources Board (CARB).  NOx (nitrogen oxides) are precursors of acid rain, photochemical smog, and ozone.  Comparing the NOx abatement work with the current set of carbon rules, I notice that this recent pollution control plan is political right from the  beginning.

Usually,  emission rules are based on an assessment of health issues or other concerns of importance to society.  Once the rules are in place, however, groups seek (and often get) variances based on their particular situations. The variances often include political considerations.

Still, the rules themselves, as promulgated,  are supposed to be based on science, not politics. Not in this case, as far as I can tell.  These rules incorporate the politics of each state.

Perhaps this 645 page document means that President Obama’s administration is cutting to the chase: they are going directly to the political realities.  However, one cannot help but notice that drastic cuts in greenhouse gases are set for states with only few coal plants. This isn’t terribly effective as a mitigation measure.  “If you mine and use a lot of coal, that’s okay!  Just small cutbacks!  But if you use nuclear and natural gas...we’re on your case!”

This policy does not have a lot to do with effectively limiting greenhouse gases.

Vermont as the model?

Vermont does not have to come up with a greenhouse mitigation plan because we do not burn coal for electricity generation in Vermont.  After Vermont Yankee shuts down, we will be generating far less of our electricity in Vermont.  The rest of our electricity will be imported from elsewhere, and those other states will have to bear the burden of complying with the new rules. We still won't have to come up with a greenhouse gas mitigation plan for Vermont.  It will be somebody else's problem.

Electric  car in China

Is this truly the model that the president wants? Export your problems?

Be careful what you wish for...
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Snide end note:  Does anybody except myself see the irony in the graphic at the top the Vermont Digger article Obama points to Vermont as a model for carbon reduction?  The graphic is a picture of a charging station “for the state’s fleet of solar vehicles.”

Employee Buyout Unlikely: Private Communications

Rod Adams and the Employee Buy Out

In March, Rod Adams visited Vermont and toured Vermont Yankee. He was impressed by the excellent condition of the power plant. He also thought about Vermont's heritage of employee-ownership, dairy cooperatives and so forth.  Rod began to think that the employees could buy Vermont Yankee, and run it as a "B" corporation that has social goals.  Such a corporation is not required to maximize profits.

Rod didn't just "think."  He contacted people and made inquiries. He posted about this idea, and so did I.  We were hopeful about it.  (I list references at the end of this post.)

My Phone Rings: Private Communications

Information for my blog comes from reading articles in the press or attending meetings (such as Public Service Board meetings). I rarely get a phone call.  In this day and age, a phone call means "I want to tell you something, and I don't want to leave a digital trail. Don't quote me directly. This is background stuff only."

After Rod's posts, I got phone calls from all over the place: local people and nuclear supporters from other parts of the country.

When I came to summarize this "off the record" information, I realized what I heard was pretty much in the public record anyhow.  Or I heard people's opinions, things that they wanted to share with me without a record.

Oh well. They needed to call.  I needed to learn in the way that I needed to learn.  So here's what I learned.

Employee Buy Out is Close to Impossible

Here are some of the reasons that an employee buyout is close to impossible.

Employees would not benefit that much.

Most employees would not participate in a buy-out.  Most employees are focused on making their own choices between:

• getting the retention bonuses that Entergy has put in place versus 
• starting anew somewhere else.  

Most employees have very little interest in investing money and time in something that is uncertain and would not protect their families.

The new owners couldn't get licenses

In general, both the NRC and state agencies insist that nuclear plant owners have solid assets and a solid track record. A co-operative company formed by employees would not meet NRC criteria for a license or PSB criteria for a Certificate of Public Good.  This would be true even if the company was backed by a wealthy private investor.

Political and Fiscal Opposition

The current Vermont administration has been very set against continuing operation of Vermont Yankee.  They have expressed this by testifying against the plant in front of the Public Service Board, calling the plant "Entergy Louisiana" at every turn, and taxing it outrageously.

Lake Champlain

The "taxing it" part is the one that would be impossible to fight.  The state assessed a $12 million dollar "generation tax" on Vermont Yankee.  This tax only applies to plants that were "built after 1965 and are greater that 200 MW."  That is a very targeted tax, and there is no particular reason that the legislature can't increase it to $18 million or more, whenever they decide to do so.  The way the law is written, nobody but Vermont Yankee will be hurt by such an increase.

(Ummm, a completely unscientific survey conducted by Meredith Angwin reveals that most plants of this size pay a generation tax of less than $5 million dollars. Hey, as long as I am talking about "private communications," I may as well throw that one in, though tax records are public in general.)

There have been many other taxes, also, including a tax to clean up Lake Champlain (on the other side of the state from the plant) and to support Clean Energy projects. And there are other taxes. The state requires Entergy to pay the Red Cross for shelters in case of an evacuation: Entergy must pay the Red Cross a total of $700,000 over a period of four years.

It is nearly impossible for a business to fight taxes at this level. There is no reason to believe that employee ownership would lead to any less state taxes.  Vermont Yankee would still be a nuclear plant and they would be employees of a nuclear plant.  They would be worse: they would be owners of a nuclear plant.  The taxes would stay.

Conclusion

I conclude that an employee buyout of Vermont Yankee is close to impossible.

I am sorry to conclude that there will be no employee buy-out, but I thought I had better make this statement explicit on my blog.

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References:

Rod Adams

What a Waste---Vermont Yankee is in beautiful condition (March 28)

Vermont Yankee: Clean Kilowatt Cow That Deserves Saving  (May 1)

Save Vermont Yankee. If not you, who? If not now, when? (May 6)

Meredith Angwin

Saving Vermont Yankee: Rod Adams Moves Forward (May 7)

Employee Ownership (May 8)

Posts about Taxes:

Millions for education but not one cent for tribute (Meredith Angwin at ANS Nuclear Cafe, December 2013)

Vermont Yankee asked to pay $200,000 in 2014  Terri Hallenbeck at Burlington Free Press on how Vermont Yankee must continue to pay Red Cross for shelters. (Article undated, apparently early 2014)

$17 Million Vermont Yankee Check to Utility--Use It Well: Guest post by Reg Wilcox

Reg Wilcox

The Check

Green Mountain Power (GMP), the state’s largest electric utility, announced last month that it will receive a $17.8 million benefit from Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant. This big check was just the latest multi-million dollar benefit paid to Vermonters by Vermont Yankee and its owner, Entergy.

When GMP and other companies sold Vermont Yankee to Entergy in 2002, Entergy agreed to share proceeds with the previous owners from any power sales above 6.1 cents per kilowatt-hour. The $17.8 million is GMP’s share of revenue generated by Vermont Yankee power sales from March 2012 - 2013. For Vermont consumers, it's a fleeting bright spot in the cloudy outlook of climbing regional power prices.

GMP Payments to Ratepayers: The History

GMP has said the $17.8 million will go directly back to ratepayers. However, we were told this once before when money from the GMP-Central Vermont Public Service utility merger was spent on state energy programs instead of being returned to ratepayers as promised. There has been plenty of talk in the Legislature this year about new rules and laws to protect the interests of John Q. Ratepayer. Here is a perfect opportunity to "walk the talk."

Given the state’s history with not fulfilling energy promises, we have cause to be concerned. The very agreement that created this most recent revenue windfall for ratepayers was predicated on Entergy receiving a timely Public Service Board decision on the continued operation of Vermont Yankee past March, 2012. That guarantee was consciously withdrawn by the 2010 Vermont Senate vote. Entergy has met its obligations to the tune of $30 million in clean energy funding, a 10 year contract that delivered below-market power to Vermont utilities, revenue sharing, and millions for Windham County economic development, while the state has moved the goalposts time and time again.

The Sources For Vermont Power

Vermonters are still waiting for the State of Vermont to deliver on its promise to deliver low-cost, low carbon power. During the protracted dispute between Vermont Yankee and the State of Vermont, the plant’s many supporters repeatedly maintained that the only viable replacement for its power would be more expensive and increase carbon emissions. This is exactly what has happened as a result of Vermont’s decision to stop buying power from Vermont Yankee. According to grid operator ISO-New England, the average market price of electricity in March, 2014 was 11.25 cents per kilowatt hour, almost three times the four cent 2002-2012 contract rate. Even if a new contract would have cost marginally more, it is plain for all to see that we're paying more now for dirtier power.

The latest solution is a recent plan announced by the New England governors to acquire more electricity and natural gas from Canada and surrounding states. How much will this plan cost Vermonters? Who will pay? And how does more natural gas reduce our “carbon footprint?” And if this plan fails we will remain hamstrung by inadequate access to hydro and other traditional forms of power, having placed too much faith in the as-yet unproven promise of solar and wind generation. It is plain to see that state energy policies have left Vermonters without any good options.

Vermont Should Keep Its Promises

For years, many Vermont leaders took every opportunity to criticize Vermont Yankee, while pitching an alternative, bright new energy future that was short on specifics. As we wave goodbye to Vermont Yankee, it’s now time for the state to restore our confidence in its energy policy. It can start by not hijacking the $17.8 million dollar Vermont Yankee benefit from GMP customers, and by keeping its promises to deliver low-carbon, affordable, reliable electricity.

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Reg Wilcox, BSEE Norwich, MSEE Clarkson, is a retired IBM Senior Program Manager. Reg grew up on a dairy farm in Cambridge, worked out of state for ten years after graduate school, and returned to his home town when he began his career with IBM in 1978.   In 1802, Reg’s ancestors, Nathan and Rachel Wilcox, were the first European settlers of the Town of Morgan, Vermont.

This post has also appeared as an op-ed in the Rutland Herald (behind a paywall).

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Update: May 31, 2014

Governor Shumlin announces proposed rate decrease in Vermont.  Press release link below:
http://vtdigger.org/2014/05/30/gov-shumlin-announces-agreement-proposed-rate-decrease/

A quote from the press release, but with emphasis added by blogger:

“At a time when other states in our region are seeing double digit increases in power costs, Vermonters are going to see rates go down this year,” Gov. Shumlin said. “This rate decrease is great news for Vermont. The agreement provides stability and predictability for one of our most valued employers, and helps ensure that Vermont maintains a thriving center of innovation and technology well into the future. This is further evidence that the merger of Green Mountain Power and Central Vermont Public Service is already delivering cost savings and putting money in Vermonter’s pockets.”